IV ①But there is no way to make computers completely safe. ②Software is hugely complex. ③The average program has 14 separate vulnerabilities, each of them a potential point of illicitentry. ④Such weaknesses are compounded by the history of the internet, in which security was an afterthought.

V ①This is not a counsel of despair. ②The risk fromfraud, car accidents and the weather can never beeliminated completely either. ③But societies have developed ways of managing such risk—from government regulation to the use of legal liabilityand insurance to create incentives for safer behaviour.

VI ①The small but growing market in cyber-security insurance offers a way to protect consumers while preserving the computing industry’s ability to innovate. ②A firm whose products do not work properly, or are repeatedly hacked, will find its premiumsrising, prodding it to solve the problem. ③A firm that takes reasonable steps to make things safe, but which is compromisednevertheless, will have recourseto an insurance payout that will stop it from going bankrupt. ④It is here that some carve-outs from liability could perhaps be negotiated.

VII ①One reason computer security is so bad today is that few people were taking it seriously yesterday. ② When the internet was new, that was forgivable. ③Now that the consequences are known, and the risks posed by bugs and hacking are large and growing, there is no excuse for repeating the mistake. ④But changing attitudes and behaviour will require economic tools, not just technical ones.

词汇短语

1.contradiction [kɒntrə'dɪkʃ(ə)n] n. 矛盾，不一致

2. *pacemaker ['peɪsmeɪkə] n. 起搏器

3. *wizardry ['wɪzədrɪ] n. 巫术，魔法

4. *vigilance ['vɪdʒɪl(ə)ns] n. 警戒，警觉

5. *paranoia [,pærə'nɒɪə] n. 妄想狂

6. *bounty ['baʊntɪ] n.奖励金

7. *illicit [ɪ'lɪsɪt] adj. 违法的；不正当的

8.compound ['kɒmpaʊnd] v. 使恶化，加重

9.a counsel of despair 知难而退的建议

10.fraud [frɔːd] n. 欺诈，诈骗

11.eliminate [ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt] v. 消除；排除

12.liability [laɪə'bɪlɪtɪ] n. 债务

13.premium ['priːmɪəm] n.保险费

14.compromise ['kɒmprəmaɪz] v. 受到损害，使陷入危险

15. *recourse [rɪ'kɔːs] n. 追索权

16. negotiate [nɪ'gəʊʃɪeɪt] v. 谈判，商议

(注:标*号为超纲词)

翻译点评

I ①COMPUTER security is acontradiction in terms. ②Consider the past year alone: cyberthieves stole $81m from the central bank of Bangladesh; the $4.8bn takeover of Yahoo, an internet firm, by Verizon, a telecoms firm, was nearly derailed by two enormous data breaches; and Russian hackers interfered in the American presidential election.

翻译：计算机安全是个自相矛盾的说法。姑且看下去年情形：网络窃贼从孟加拉中央银行盗走8100万美元；电信公司威瑞森以48亿美元收购互联网公司雅虎的交易因两起大规模数据泄露而险些泡汤；俄罗斯黑客干涉美国总统大选。

点评：I段通过三个实例彰显文章论述话题：计算机安全。首先提出话题“计算机安全（Computer security）”，并以contradiction一词指出计算机与安全这两个概念本身存在矛盾性（即，计算机无法做到完全安全）。随后罗列多个实例反映出计算机安全威胁严重，值得重视。

II ①The problem is about to get worse. ②Computers increasingly deal not just with abstract data like credit-card details and databases, but also with the real world of physical objects and vulnerable human bodies. ③ Hackers have already proved that they can take remote control of connected cars and pacemakers.

翻译：问题将进一步恶化。计算机的应用日益增多，不仅处理信用卡详细信息及数据库之类的抽象数据，还要处理实体物件以及脆弱人体的真实世界。黑客已经证明了它们能够远程控制联网的汽车和起搏器。

点评：II段进一步说明计算机安全问题的发展趋势。①句总领全段：问题将会更糟，②句说明原因：计算机将会更多处理现实世界的问题。③句进一步指出黑客已经能够入侵新领域。

III ①It is tempting to believe that the security problem can be solved with more technical wizardry and a call for heightened vigilance. ②And it is certainly true that many firms still fail to take security seriously enough. ③That requires a kind of cultivated paranoia which does not come naturally to non-tech firms. ④Companies of all stripes should embrace initiatives like “bugbounty” programmes, whereby firms reward ethical hackers for discovering flaws so that they can be fixed before they are taken advantage of.

翻译：人们很容易相信，借助更多的技术魔法以及呼吁提高警惕，安全问题能够得以解决。且确实很多公司依然未能认真对待安全问题。这（注：认真对待安全问题）需要一种培养而来的、非科技公司不会天生具有的偏执。各种公司都应采纳像“漏洞悬赏”项目之类的举措：公司奖励发现漏洞的文明黑客，以在它们被利用之前就得以修补。

点评：III段指出通过“呼吁提高警觉性、认真对待安全问题”可以使问题得到缓解。①句指出大众对计算机安全问题的认识“通过技术和警觉可以解决”。is tempting to believe表明这一大众看法是没有经过谨慎思考的，很可能并不完善。②③句补充指出公司对计算机安全问题确实重视不足，需要培养安全意识。certainly true传达出作者的肯定态度。④句作者进一步向公司提出建议：通过“漏洞悬赏”来应对安全问题。

IV ①But there is no way to make computers completely safe. ②Software is hugely complex. ③The average program has 14 separate vulnerabilities, each of them a potential point of illicitentry. ④Such weaknesses are compounded by the history of the internet, in which security was an afterthought.

翻译：但是没有办法做到让计算机百分百安全。软件极其复杂。普通程序往往会有14个不同的安全隐患，每一处都是一个可能的非法侵入点。这些弱点因互联网的历史（安全是事后才想到的事情）而雪上加霜。

点评：IV段转而指出计算机自身弱点使其不可能百分百安全。①句But引发转折，指出不可能让计算机百分百地安全。②-④句从程序固有特点（难以避免漏洞）及互联网历史方面（安全是事后的考虑）具体解释①句。

V ①This is not a counsel of despair. ②The risk fromfraud, car accidents and the weather can never beeliminated completely either. ③But societies have developed ways of managing such risk—from government regulation to the use of legal liabilityand insurance to create incentives for safer behaviour.

翻译：这并非表示已无计可施。欺诈，车祸和天气带来的风险同样不可能完全消除。但社会各界已经研究出管理这类风险的方法——从政府监管到使用法律责任和保险，来激励更安全的行为。

点评：V段过渡提出社会对安全问题不是无计可施。①句承上启下：我们并非陷入绝望、无计可施。②③句将“其他难以解决的问题”和“计算机安全问题”类比，指出可以对风险加以管理。

VI ①The small but growing market in cyber-security insurance offers a way to protect consumers while preserving the computing industry’s ability to innovate. ②A firm whose products do not work properly, or are repeatedly hacked, will find its premiumsrising, prodding it to solve the problem. ③A firm that takes reasonable steps to make things safe, but which is compromisednevertheless, will have recourseto an insurance payout that will stop it from going bankrupt. ④It is here that some carve-outs from liability could perhaps be negotiated.

翻译：网络安全保险这个虽然规模小但日益发展的市场提供了一种方法，可以在保护消费者的同时保持计算机行业的创新能力。产品无法正常工作或是被黑客反复入侵的公司将会发现其保费上涨，敦促它解决问题。采取合理措施来保障安全但仍然遭到损害的公司可以求助保险金免于破产。也正是此处，一些责任的免除或许可以协商达成。

点评：VI 段顺承上段明确提出应对方法：网络安全保险（经济手段）。①句提出方法。②-④句具体说明该方法的内容，并暗示其合理性。

VII ①One reason computer security is so bad today is that few people were taking it seriously yesterday. ② When the internet was new, that was forgivable. ③Now that the consequences are known, and the risks posed by bugs and hacking are large and growing, there is no excuse for repeating the mistake. ④But changing attitudes and behaviour will require economic tools, not just technical ones.

翻译：今天计算机安全如此槽糕的一个原因就是之前极少有人认真对待。在互联网兴起之初，那还情有可原。既然（如今）后果已经为人所知，漏洞和黑客攻击造成的风险又巨大且不断增加，就没有理由再重蹈覆辙。但是，改变观念和行为都需要经济手段，而不仅仅是技术手段。

点评：VII段收束全文，明确应对计算机安全问题的紧迫性，并强调“经济手段”的必要性。①②③句提出如今必须认真应对计算机安全问题。④句回应上段，强调应对计算机安全威胁应诉诸经济手段。

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